Have you ever felt an unexpected wave of sadness when the warmth of summer fades away?  That shift in mood might be more than just missing the sunny days—it could be related to Seasonal Affective Disorder or SAD. This form of depression is triggered by the changing seasons and often follows a predictable pattern. For many, the symptoms begin to surface in late fall, intensifying throughout the winter months, only to lift as spring and summer return. 

Researchers have yet to pinpoint the exact root cause of SAD. However, one of the leading factors associated with the onset of SAD is a lack of sunlight, affecting vitamin D production. Reduced exposure to light can disrupt our body’s natural biological clock, which is crucial in regulating sleep patterns and maintaining overall well-being. It can also lead to imbalances in serotonin, a vital brain chemical that significantly impacts mood and emotional health. 

The signs and symptoms of SAD are very similar to the signs and symptoms of major depression. The difference is that signs and symptoms of SAD appear at the same time each year. 

The major signs of SAD are; 

∙Increased fatigue 

∙Loss of interest in activities previously enjoyed 

∙Increased grouchiness and anxiety 

∙Social withdrawl 

∙Decreased ability to focus 

∙Mental fog 

∙Increased appetite and craving for sweet treats and carbohydrates 

∙Potentially physical symptoms such as headaches 

How is Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) diagnosed? 

A healthcare or mental health professional will typically ask you to complete a questionnaire to assess for depression. To be diagnosed with SAD, an individual must meet the following criteria: 

∙They have symptoms of depression or the more specific symptoms listed above. 

∙Their depressive episodes occur during specific seasons for at minimum two consecutive years. However, not all people with SAD experience symptoms every year. 

∙Their depressive episodes during specific seasons are more frequent than depressive episodes experienced at other times of the year. 

Now, how does one combat the symptoms of SAD? Treatments for SAD fall under four main categories that can be used alone or in combination; 

-Light therapy: Light therapy involves sitting near a light box that mimics natural sunlight for 20-30 minutes daily, typically in the morning. The bright light helps regulate sleep cycles and boost serotonin levels, improving mood and energy during the darker months. 

-Vitamin D: Vitamin D helps with SAD by boosting serotonin levels, which improves mood. 

Reduced sunlight in winter leads to lower vitamin D production, worsening SAD symptoms. It also regulates sleep cycles and reduces inflammation, both linked to better mental health. 

Taking supplements or getting more light can help manage SAD. 

Psychotherapy: Psychotherapy helps with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) by teaching coping strategies, challenging negative thoughts (via Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), and encouraging positive behaviours like staying active and social. It also provides emotional support and helps establish routines around light exposure, sleep, and exercise, all of which can improve mood during winter. 

Antidepressants: Antidepressants help treat Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) by increasing serotonin levels, which improve mood, and regulating melatonin, reducing fatigue. SSRIs are commonly used to boost serotonin, stabilize mood, and reduce depressive symptoms, especially during months with less daylight. 

By: Paige Gordon